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A is a person selected to act as head of state (ruling or not) because , not present, or debilitated.The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as "A person appointed to administer a State because the Monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated." The following is a list of regents throughout history.

Regents in extant monarchies
Those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they performed no official acts; this list is also not complete, presumably not even for all monarchies included. The list includes some figures who acted as regent, even if they did not themselves hold the title of regent.

Asia
Cambodia
  • Prince Sisowath Monireth, Chairman of the Regency Council of Cambodia in 1960
  • , Acting Head of State of Cambodia from 1993 to 1994, and again from 1994 to 1995, and twice in 2004
  • Nhek Bun Chhay, Acting Head of State of Cambodia in 2004

Japan

Jordan
  • Prince Naif bin Al-Abdullah from 20 July to 5 September 1951, due to the schizophrenia of his brother King Talal, who was in a Swiss mental hospital.
  • A regency council (, Suleiman Toukan, Abdul Rahman Rusheidat and chairing Queen Mother Zein al-Sharaf Talal) took over during the king's ailment and continued after the king's forced abdication (on 11 August 1952), serving from 4 June 1952 to 2 May 1953, until King Hussein came of age.
  • Crown Prince Hassan, from 4 July 1998 to 19 January 1999 while his brother King Hussein was undergoing cancer treatments.

Malaysia and its constitutive monarchies
Terengganu
  • Tengku Muhammad Ismail (eight-years of age at the time), co-reigned with the three-member Regency Advisory Council ( Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja) from 2006 to 2011. His father, Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin the Sultan of was elected as 13th King of Malaysia. The Malaysian constitution does not allow a simultaneous reign as both the King of Malaysia and as monarch of the King's native state (deemed absent on the State throne). Sultan Mizan was crowned as King on 13 December 2006 and the prince as the Regent ( Pemangku Raja) of Terengganu effective on the same date.

Oman
  • for the minor Sa`id (II) ibn Sultan (b. 1790 – succeeded 20 November 1804 – d. 19 Oct 1856) : 20 November 1804 – 31 July 1806 Badr ibn Sayf (d. 1806)
  • for Turki ibn Sa`id (b. 1832 – succeeded 30 January 1871 – died 4 Jun 1888) : August – December 1875 Abdul-Aziz ibn Said – (b. 1850 – d. 1907)

Qatar
  • H.E. Shaikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani was proclaimed as regent when his father Sheikh Qasim bin Muhammad Al Thani became incapacitated, 13 May 1913; succeeded on his death, 17 July 1913

Saudi Arabia
  • 30 March 1964 – 2 November 1964 Crown Prince Faisal (b. 1906 – d. 1975) –Regent for his brother King Saud, and later his successor
  • 1 January 1996 – 21 February 1996 formally, but de facto until 1 August 2005 Crown Prince Abdullah (b. 1924 – d. 2015) –Regent for his brother King Fahd, and later his successor

Thailand

Africa
Morocco
  • The Vizier Abu Zakariya Yahya was regent during the minority of the sultan Abd al-Haqq II; the Wattasid Viziers however kept the power beyond the majority of Abd al-Haqq II, until 1459 when most members of their family were killed by the sultan, allowing him to return to power.

Lesotho
  • Queen Mamohato was regent for the exiled King Moshoeshoe II in 1970 and again in 1990, and after his death in 1996.

Swaziland
  • Tibati Nkambule of Swaziland was regent following the death of , until the majority of his son (1889 to 1894)
  • Labotsibeni Mdluli was regent following the death of her son , until the majority of his son (1899 to 1921)
  • Queen Dzeliwe was regent after the death of her husband from 1982 to 1983
  • Prince Sozisa Dlamini was regent in 1983, following the death of and the regency of Queen Dzeliwe
  • Queen Ntfombi was regent following the death of her husband , until the majority of his son (1983 to 1986)

Europe
Belgium
  • Baron Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, regent of Belgium until Leopold I's formal accession in 1831
  • Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, of Belgium during his elder brother Leopold III's exile and suspension of royal duties from 1944 to 1950
  • Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant, of Belgium from 1950 to 1951, for his father Leopold III

Denmark
  • Margaret Sambiria, Regent for her son Eric V, 1259–1264.
  • Agnes of Brandenburg, Regent for her son Eric VI, 1286–1293.
  • Gerhard III of Holstein, Regent for , 1326–1330.
  • Margrete Valdemarsdatter, Regent for her son Olaf II, 1376–1387.
  • Philippa of England, Regent on behalf of her husband Eric of Pomerania, 1423–1425.
  • Christopher of Bavaria, regent of the realm prior to his official election as king, 1439–1440.
  • Dorothea of Brandenburg During the Danish intermarium, 1448.
  • Isabella of Austria, Regent on behalf of her husband Christian II of Denmark while he was in , 1520.
  • Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Regent during her husband's, Frederick IV trip to , 1708–1709.
  • Johann Friedrich Struensee, de facto regent for King , 1770–1772.
  • Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son), King Christian VII, 1772–1784.
  • Crown Prince Frederick for his father, King Christian VII, 1784–1808.
  • Marie of Hesse-Kassel, Regent for her spouse Frederick VI during his visit to Vienna, 1814–1815.
  • for his father, King , 1942–1943.
  • for his mother, Queen from 21–25 February 2023.
  • Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark for his father , during the latter's trip to from 31 January to 2 February 2024.

Liechtenstein
  • Prince Franz Joseph was regent for four months for his grand-uncle Sovereign Prince Franz I.
  • Hereditary Prince Hans-Adam was regent for his father Sovereign Prince Franz Joseph II from 1984 until the latter's death in 1989.
  • Hereditary Prince Alois has been regent for his father Sovereign Prince Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.

Luxembourg
  • Duke Adolph of Nassau was regent from 8 April 1889 to 3 May 1889 and from 4 November 1890 to 23 November 1890, during the terminal illness of Grand Duke William III.
  • Dowager Grand Duchess Marie Anne was regent to her husband, Grand Duke William IV, during his terminal illness from 19 November 1908 to 25 February 1912, and then regent to her daughter, Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde, during her minority from 25 February 1912 to 18 June 1912.
  • Hereditary Grand Duke Jean was regent for his mother, Grand Duchess Charlotte, from 4 May 1961 to 12 November 1964.
  • Hereditary Grand Duke Henri was regent for his father, Grand Duke Jean, from 4 March 1998 to 7 October 2000.
  • Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume was regent for his father, Grand Duke Henri, from 8 October 2024 to 3 October 2025.

Monaco
  • Hereditary Prince Albert was regent for his father Prince Rainier III from 31 March 2005 to 6 April 2005, when he succeeded him as Prince Albert II

Netherlands
  • Dowager Princess Anne, during the minority of her son, William V, Prince of Orange, between 1751 and 1759
  • Dowager Princess Marie Louise, during the minority of her son, William IV, Prince of Orange from 1711 to 1730, and the minority of her grandson, William V, jointly with Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1759 till her death in 1765.
  • Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Captain-General of the Dutch army, during the minority of William V, jointly with Dowager Princess Marie Louise from 1759 until her death in 1765, and with Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (1765–1766)
  • Princess Carolina, during the minority of her brother, William V, and jointly with Duke Louis Ernest, between 1765 and 1766.
  • Council of State, during insanity of the King William III in 1889 and again in 1890
  • Dowager Queen Emma (1890–1898), during the minority of her daughter Queen Wilhelmina, between 1890 and 1898
  • Princess Juliana during illness of her mother Queen Wilhelmina in 1947 and again in 1948

Norway
  • King (1343–1355) after stepping down from the throne in favor of his son
  • Johann Friedrich Struensee, de facto regent for King , 1770–1772
  • Hereditary Prince Frederick (along with, effectively, his mother, Queen Juliana Maria) for his half-brother (and her step-son), King Christian VII, 1772–1784
  • Crown Prince Frederick for his father, King Christian VII, 1784–1808
  • was regent for his father King in 1945, awaiting his return at end of the Second World War, and during his illness between 1955 and 1957.
  • was regent during the illness of his father King between 1990 and 1991.
  • Crown Prince Haakon was regent from 25 November 2003 to 12 April 2004, from 29 March to 7 June 2005 and from 3 March to 22 April 2024 during the illness of his father King .

Spain
  • Crown of Castile: Ferdinand II of Aragon, twice regent of Castile (1504–1506, 1507–1516) for Queen Juana
  • Pope Adrian VI (1520–1522) and Isabella of Portugal (1529–1533, 1535–1536, 1538–1539) and Prince Philip (1539–1541, 1543–1548, 1551–1554) and Archduke Maximilian (1548–1551) and Maria of Austria (1548–1551) during Charles I's absences.
  • Joan of Austria, Princess Dowager of Portugal ( Infanta Juana), regent of Castile (1554–1559) for King Philip II of Spain during the king's marriage to Queen Mary I of England.
  • Fernando de Acevedo as President of the Council of Castile during King Philip III's visit to Portugal in 1619.
  • García de Medrano, regent of the Kingdom of Navarre in 1645 and regent of the Royal Council of Seville in 1652 for Philip IV of Spain.
  • Queen Mariana of Austria, regent of Spain during the minority of her son Charles II from 1665 to 1675.
  • Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Charles II's illness in 1700.
  • Government Board of the Realms during the illness of Charles II and Philip V absence from 1700 to 1701.
  • Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero cardinal and archbishop of Toledo during King Philip V's absence from 1701 to 1703.
  • Queen Regent Elisabeth Farnese during King Charles III's absence in 1759.
  • Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain, French invasion (King 's absence) in 1808.
  • Lieutenant General (1808) and Jean de Dieu Soult (1813) during absence.
  • A Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies from 25 September 1808 to 31 January 1810 and a regency Council (the Cortes of Cádiz from 1 February 1810 to 10 May 1814 during the imprisonment/abdication of .
  • Regencies during the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis Intervention (1823): Provisional Regency Council of the Realm. President: Cayetano Valdés y Flores, Provisional Government Board of Spain and the Indies. President: Francisco de Eguía, Regency Council of the Realm during King's Captivity. President: Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duke of the Infantado.
  • Queen Maria Christina during the minority of her daughter from 1833 to 1840.
  • Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara during the minority of from 1840 to 1843.
  • Francisco Serrano, duke of la Torre, during the interregnum between the reigns of Isabella II and Amadeo I, from 1868 to 1871.
  • Antonio Cánovas del Castillo during King 's absence from 1874 to 1875.
  • Queen Maria Christina, regent during her pregnancy after death and then for her son from 26 November 1885 – 17 May 1902.
  • The general , became de facto regent for life in 1947 to 1975, after reinstating the monarchy with a vacant royal throne ultimately filled by Juan Carlos I.

Sweden
  • Duchess Ingeborg (1318–1326) regent for her underage son, King Magnus, in both Sweden and Norway.
  • Karl Knutsson (Bonde) (1438–1440), during the interregnum following the deposition of the king Eric XIII; later became king as Charles VIII
  • Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna (1448; together with his brother Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of Christopher of Bavaria and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king.
  • Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna (1448; together with his brother Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna), during the interregnum between the death of Christopher of Bavaria and the election of Karl Knutsson (Bonde) as king.
  • Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1457; together with Erik Axelsson Tott), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King Charles VIII, and again (1465–1466), following his second deposition.
  • Kettil Karlsson Vasa (1464), during the interregnum following the first deposition of King Christian I; and again (1465), following the second deposition of Charles VIII
  • Erik Axelsson Tott (1457; together with Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna) (1466–1467), following the end of Jöns Oxenstierna's second regency.
  • Sten Sture the Elder (1470–1497, 1501–1503) the longest-serving regent during the
  • Svante Nilsson (1503–1512), succeeding Sten Sture the Elder.
  • 1512.
  • Sten Sture the Younger (1512–1520), succeeding Svante Sture.
  • Gustav Eriksson Vasa was firstly regent (1521–1523) after the final dissolution of Kalmar Union, but soon was proclaimed King.
  • Duke Charles of Södermanland (1599–1604) after ousting his Catholic nephew King Sigismund, until he himself claimed the throne.
  • (1632–1644), during the minority of Queen Christina.
  • Dowager Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1660–1672), during the minority of her son King Charles XI, again (1697–1699), during the minority of her grandson King Charles XII, and finally, de facto, during Charles's absence from Sweden during the early years of the Great Northern War (1700–1713).
  • Princess Ulrika Eleonora, during the frequent absences of her brother, Charles XII, in the later years of the Great Northern War (1713–1718)
  • (1792–1796) for his underage nephew Gustav IV Adolf, and again (1809) after Gustav IV Adolf was deposed and before Charles himself was proclaimed King Charles XIII.
  • Crown Prince Charles John (1810–1818), for his adoptive father King , due to Charles XIII's incapacity.
  • Crown Prince (1857–1859), for his father King Oscar I, due to Oscar's incapacity.

United Kingdom and its predecessor realms

Kingdom of Great Britain
  • After the death of Queen Anne in 1714 a regency under Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice, was set up while King George I was sent for to take up the crown.
  • George, Prince of Wales (1716–17), during the absence of his father, George I.
    (1996). 9780521563505, Cambridge University Press. .
  • Queen Caroline of Ansbach (1729; 1732; 1735; 1736–37), during the absences of her husband, George II.

Kingdom of England
  • Ælfthryth (978–984), during the minority of her son King Æthelred the Unready.
  • Godwin, Earl of Wessex (c. 1026), during the absence of Barlow, Frank 2002. The Godwins Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Pages 27-28.Mason, Emma 2004. The House of Godwine : The History of a Dynasty London: Hambledon and London. Page 33.
  • Matilda of Scotland acted as of England on several occasions during Henry's absences: in 1104, 1107, 1108, and 1111.Judith A. Green: The Government of England Under Henry I, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p 41
  • Eleanor of Aquitaine (intermittently c. 1152–1163, 1189–1199), during the absences of her husband Henry II,
    (2009). 9780300159899, Yale University Press. .
    then again for her son Richard I while he was on the Third Crusade.
  • William Longchamp (intermittently 1189–1197), during the absences of Richard I on the , imprisoned in the Holy Roman Empire, and in France.
  • William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1216–1219) and then Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent (1219–1227), during the minority of King Henry III
  • Eleanor of Provence (1255) during the absence of King Henry III in France
  • Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln as Protector of the Realm (1290s) during Edward I's absence during the First War of Scottish Independence and Regent of the Kingdom (1311) during Edward II's absence
  • A regency council headed by Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (1327–1330) during the minority of Edward III
  • Philippa of Hainault acted as in 1346,Strickland, Agnes. Lives of the Queens of England: From the Norman Conquest when her husband was away for the Hundred Years' War.
  • John of Gaunt was de facto regent for a significant amount of time in the 1370s and 1380s. He assumed control of government after his father Edward III became mentally incapacitated from several strokes and retained substantial power throughout the minority of his nephew Richard II.
  • John, Duke of Bedford (1422–1435), Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and (1422–1437), during the minority of their nephew, Henry VI
  • Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1454–1455; 1455–1456), during the incapacity of his cousin, Henry VI
  • Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483), during the minority of his nephew, Edward V
  • Queen Catherine of Aragon (1513) while was in France. In this time she played a large role in the defeat of the Scots at the Battle of Flodden, and was Queen Regent for several months.
  • Queen (1544), while was in France.
  • Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), during the minority of his nephew,
  • John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1550–1553), during the minority of Edward VI
  • During the month of March 1617, served as regent of England during the reign of King James I
  • William III personally led his army into battle each year during the Nine Years' War (1689–1698). In his absence, the kingdom was administered by his wife and co-ruler Queen Mary II until her death in 1694, and thereafter by a council of seven Lord Justices (sometimes referred to as the "Lords Regent"): William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire (1640–1707), Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset (1638–1706), Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1645–1712), Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke (1656–1733), Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury (1660–1718), John Somers, Baron Somers (1651–1716), and , Archbishop of Canterbury.

Kingdom of Scotland
  • A regency council of six Guardians existed (1286–1290) during the minority of Margaret, Maid of Norway. These were; William Fraser, Bishop of St Andrews; Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife (followed by Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife); Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan; , Bishop of Glasgow; James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland; and John Comyn II of Badenoch
  • (1298), claiming to act as regent on behalf of the deposed King John
  • Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick (1298–1300)
  • John Comyn III of Badenoch (1298–1301; 1302–1304)
  • William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews (1299–1301)
  • Sir Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301)
  • John de Soules (1301–1304)
  • Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (1329–1332) (during the minority of David II)
  • Donald, Earl of Mar (1332) (during the minority of David II)
  • Sir Andrew Murray (1332) (during the minority of David II)
  • Sir Archibald Douglas (1332–1333) (during the minority of David II)
  • Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1334–1335) (during the minority of his half-uncle David II)
  • John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray (1334–1335) (during the minority of David II)
  • Sir Andrew Murray (1335–1338) (during the minority of David II)
  • Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward of Scotland (1338–1341; 1346–1357) (during the minority and later captivity of his half-uncle David II)

House of Stewart
  • John Stewart, Earl of Carrick (1384–1388) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II)
  • Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Fife (1388–1393) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert II and of his brother, Robert III)
  • David Stewart, 1st Duke of Rothesay (1399–1401) (during the incapacity of his father, Robert III)
  • Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany (1401–1420) (during the incapacity of his brother Robert III, and then during the minority and captivity of his nephew James I)
  • Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1420–1424) (during the captivity of his cousin James I)
  • Queen Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots (1437–1439) (during the minority of James II)
  • Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas (1437–1439) (during the minority of James II)
  • William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingston (1439–1445) (during the minority of James II)
  • William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas (1445–1449) (during the minority of James II)
  • Queen Mary of Gueldres (1460–1463) (during the minority of her son, James III)
  • James Kennedy and Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy (1463–1466) (during the minority of James III)
  • Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd (1466–1469) (during the minority of James III)
  • Patrick Hepburn (1488–1494) (during the minority of James IV)
  • Queen (1513–1514) (during the minority of her son, James V)
  • John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1514–1524) (during the minority of his cousin James V)
  • Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus and Archbishop (1524–1528) (during the minority of the former's stepson James V)
  • James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–1554) (during the minority of his cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots)
  • Queen Mary of Guise (1554–1560) (during the minority of her daughter Mary, Queen of Scots)
  • James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (1567–1570) (during the minority of his nephew James VI)
  • Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1570–1571) (during the minority of his grandson James VI)
  • John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1571–1572) (during the minority of James VI)
  • James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (1572–1581) (during the minority of James VI)

South America
Afro-Bolivian monarchy

Regents in defunct monarchies
The same notes apply; inclusion in this list reflects the political reality, regardless of claims to the throne.

Asia
China

Afghanistan
Before the 1881 unification, there were essentially four rulers' capitals: , , and (the last now in Pakistan); all their rulers belonged to the tribal group, whose name was changed to Dorrani with Ahmad Shah Abdali. They belong either to the segment of the clan (typically styled , king) or to the segment of the clan (typically with the style , in full Amir al-Mo´menin "Leader of the Faithful"). The Mohammadzay also furnished the Saddozay kings frequently with top counselors, who served occasionally as (Minister-)regents, identified with the epithet Mohammadzay.

Ahom Kingdom

Madurai
  • Rani (1684–1703) of Madurai Nayak dynasty

Mughal Empire

Vijayanagara Empire
  • Tuluva Narasa Nayaka for (1491) and Narasimha Raya II. (1491–1505) Following Narasimha II's assassination, Narasa's son, Viranarasimha Raya, would be crowned emperor.
  • Aliya Rama Raya for . (1542 to 1556)

Qutub Shahi dynasty
  • Saif Khan for Subhan Quli Qutb Shah. (1550)

Travancore
Both before and during the ] (colonial rule), most of India was ruled by several hundred native , many of which have known regencies, under the raj subject to British approval
  • Gowri Lakshmi Bayi of (1811–1815)
  • Maharani Gowri Parvati Bayi (1815–1849)
  • Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (1924–1931)

Vakataka Kingdom

Iran
  • (132 BC), during the minority of her son .
  • (309–325), during the minority of her son .
  • (457–459), during a civil war between her sons and .
  • Mah-Adhur Gushnasp (628–629), elected as regent for .
  • Farrukhan the Little (740/41–747/48), during the minority of his nephew Khurshid.
  • Abu Abdallah Jayhani (914–922), appointed regent for the underage .
  • Terken Khatun (1092–1094), during the minority of her son Mahmud I.
  • Div Sultan Rumlu (1524–1527), regent of the underage .
  • Malek Jahan Khanom (1848), regent during the transition of power from Mohammad Shah Qajar to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.
  • Ali-Reza Khan (1909–1914), during the minority of his nephew Ahmad Shah Qajar.
  • Naser-al-molk (1911–1914), during the minority of Ahmad Shah Qajar.

Iraq
In the short-lived Hashemite kingdom, there were three regencies in the reign of the third and last king Faysal II (b. 1935 – d. 1958; also Head of the 'Arab Union', a federation with the Hashemite sister-kingdom Jordan, from 14 February 1958) :
  • 4 April 1939 – 1 April 1941 Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (1st time) (b. 1913 – d. 1958)
  • 1 April 1941 – 1 June 1941 Sharaf ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz (b. 1880 – d. 1955)
  • 1 June 1941 – 2 May 1953 Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah (2nd time)

Korea

Mongolia

Myanmar
  • Naratheinga Uzana: (1230/31–1235), during the reign of King
  • : (1297–1310), co-regent with his two brothers during the reign of puppet King
  • : (1297–1312/13), co-regent
  • : (1297–1313), co-regent, unilaterally declared himself king in 1309
  • Sithu of Pinya: (1340–1344), after the abdication of King Uzana I of Pinya
  • Maha Dewi: (1383–1384), Princess-Regent during the last weeks of her brother King

Mysore
  • Lakshmi Ammani Devi, regent during the minority of Krishnaraja Wadiyar III. (1799–1810)
  • Kempananjammanni Devi, regent during the minority of Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV. (1895–1902)

Nepal
  • Prince Gyanendra was regent following the murder of his brother King Birendra, during the four-day coma of Birenda's son King Dipendra upon whose death he succeeded as King

Ryukyu
  • , queen regent for Shō Shin of the . (1477–1505)
  • , later Urasoe Ryōken, head of the and regent for Shō Gen. (1556–1566)
  • Yonabaru Ryōtō, head of the Sanshikan and regent for Shō Sei. (1802–1803)
  • Kuniyoshi Chōshō, later Sakuma Seimō and then Kōchi Chōken, head of the Sanshikan and regent for Shō Tai. (1848–1857)

Tibetan Empire

Turkey
  • for the later king Kamani in the state of located at the present-day border of Turkey and Syria (early to mid 8th century BC).Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 95.
  • Kösem Sultan, Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the during the minority of her son (10 September 1623 - 18 May 1632), during the unstable reign of her younger son Ibrahim (8 February 1640 - 8 August 1648)Börekçi, Günhan (2020). "A Queen-Mother at Work: On Handan Sultan and Her Regency During the Early Reign of Ahmed I". p.52 and during the early reign of her grandson (8 August 1648 - 2 September 1651)
  • , Naib-i-Sultanat (regent) of the during the minority of her son (3 September 1651 – 1656)

Vietnam
  • during the reign of her son King .
  • Lê Hoàn and Empress Dowager Dương Vân Nga during the short reign of her son Emperor Đinh Phế Đế ( lit. Deposed Emperor Dinh), after her husband Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng was assassinated.
  • Empress Mother Linh Nhân, while her husband Emperor Lý Thánh Tông led a military campaign against the kingdom of (1st time) and again, during the reign of her son Emperor Lý Nhân Tông (2nd time).
  • Empress Mother Linh Chiếu (1138–1158) for her son Emperor Lý Anh Tông.
  • Trần Thừa and Trần Thủ Độ during the reign of Emperor Trần Thái Tông. Trần Thừa also called Retired Emperor Trần Thái Tổ, is Emperor Trần Thái Tông's father. He was the only " Emperor" who did not held the throne of the Trần dynasty. Grand Chancellor Trần Thủ Độ is Trần Thái Tông's uncle.
  • Hồ Quý Ly, during the reign of Trần dynasty's emperors ─ Trần Thuận Tông & Trần Thiếu Đế; and later, the reign of his son ─ Emperor Hồ Hán Thương of Hồ dynasty.
  • Empress Mother Tuyên Từ (1443–1453), during the reign of her son Emperor Lê Nhân Tông.
  • Consort Tuyên ─ Đặng Thị Huệ (Consort of Lord Trịnh Sâm) during the reign of her son, Lord Trịnh Cán.

Africa
Egypt
  • Queen for either or (c. 3000 B.C.)
  • Queen for Den of Egypt (c. 2950 B.C.)
  • Queen for (c. 2686 B.C.)
  • Queen for an unknown pharaoh
  • Queen for
  • Queen for (c. 2332 B.C.)
  • Queen for (c. 2278 B.C.)
  • Queen for (c. 1550 B.C.)
  • Queen for (c. 1526 B.C.)
  • Queen for Thutmose III of Egypt during the early part of his reign before she became co-ruling Pharaoh in her own right (c. 1479–1472 B.C.)
  • Queen for (c. 1388 B.C.)
  • General for (c. 1332–1323 B.C.)
  • Queen for (c. 1197–1191 B.C.)
  • Prince for Djedhor during his military campaigns against the Achaemenid Empire (c. 360 B.C.)
  • Minister Agathocles for (c. 204–202 B.C.)
  • Governor Tlepolemus for (c. 202–201 B.C.)
  • Minister Aristomenes for (c. 201–196 B.C.)
  • Queen for (c. 180–176 B.C.)
  • Eulaeus and Lenaeus for (c. 176–170 B.C.)
  • Pothinus for (c. 51–48 B.C.)
  • Commander Abu al-Misk Kafur for Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid and Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Ikhshid (946–966 A.D.)
  • Vizier Ja'far ibn al-Furat for Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali (968 and 969)
  • Prince Al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj for Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali (968–969)
  • Wasita for Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1000)
  • Princess for Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021–1023)
  • Vizier Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i for Al-Mustansir Billah (1036–1045)
  • Caliph Mother for Al-Mustansir Billah (1045–1062)
  • Prince for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130)
  • Vizier for At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim (1130–1131)
  • Vizier Tala'i ibn Ruzzik for Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah and (1154–1161)
  • Sultana following the death of her husband (1249–1250)
  • Atabak for Al-Ashraf Musa (1250–1254)
  • Emir for (1279)
  • Emir for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1293–1294)
  • Emir for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299–1304)
  • Viceroy Sayf al-Din Salar for Al-Nasir Muhammad (1299–1304)
  • Emir for (1341–1342)
  • Emir Yalbugha al-Umari for Al-Mansur Muhammad and Al-Ashraf Sha'ban (1361–1366)
  • Emir for Al-Mansur Ali II and (1377–1382)
  • Prince Mohammed Ali Tewfik, Aziz Ezzat Pasha, Sherif Sabri Pasha for King Farouk I of Egypt (1936–1937)
  • Prince Muhammad Abdul Moneim, Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha, for King Fuad II of Egypt (1952–1953)

Ethiopia
  • Sofya of Axum was regent during the minority of her son Ezana (c. 320s AD).
  • served as regent during the minority of her son .
  • Eleni of Ethiopia served as regent between 1507 and 1516 during the minority of Emperor .
  • for her son .
  • Ras in 1913 during the minority of Iyasu who would have been crowned as Iyasu V
  • from 1916 to 1931 during the reign of a female, Empress (Queen of Kings, Nigiste Negestatt). Upon her death, the regent himself ascended the throne and was crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I (King of Kings, Negusa Nagast)

Americas
Brazil
  • John, Prince Regent, was responsible for elevating Brazil to the status of Kingdom in 1815. One year later, he was acclaimed King of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves.
  • Pedro, Prince Regent, was responsible for declaring the independence of Brazil, in 1822, during his regency (1820–1822), after his father, John VI, returned to Portugal. Some months later, he would be acclaimed Emperor of Brazil.
  • Maria Leopoldina, Empress consort of Brazil, acted as Empress Regent while her husband, Pedro I, was away – especially during the war against Uruguay.
  • Provisional Triumviral Regency – from 7 April to 18 June 1831, comprised José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos, Marquess of Caravelas, Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro and Francisco de Lima e Silva, was formed to rule the country after the abdication of Pedro I.
  • Permanent Triumviral Regency – from 18 June 1831 to 12 October 1835, comprised Francisco de Lima e Silva as well as José da Costa Carvalho and João Bráulio Muniz.
  • Diogo Antônio Feijó – from 12 October 1835 to 19 September 1837, during what was considered the advance of the Liberal Party
  • Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda – from 1837 (provisional to 1838) to 1840, during what was considered the retaken of the Conservative Party.
  • Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, was Princess Regent of the Empire of Brazil three times (1871–1872; 1876–1877; 1887–1888) while her father travelled abroad. During her last regency, she signed the abolition of in Brazil (known as the "Lei Áurea", or "Golden Law"), on 13 May 1888, whereby Isabel got the Isabel the Redeemer. For the act of signing the Golden Law, she was awarded the by Pope Leo XIII.

Mexico
  • Carlota, Empress consort of Mexico (1864–1867), assisted her husband Maximilian I of Mexico, who let her rule as regent during his absences from Mexico City.

Europe
Austria
  • William, Duke of Austria (1404–1406), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Albert V.
  • Leopold IV, Duke of Austria and Ernest, Duke of Austria (1406–1411), for the same reason.
  • Frederick IV, Duke of Austria (1524–1535), during the minorities of his nephews, Dukes Frederick V and Albert VI.
  • Frederick V, Duke of Austria during the minorities of his cousins, Dukes Sigismund (1439–1446) and Ladislaus the Posthumous (1440–1452).
  • Archduke Ernest of Austria (1590–1593), during the minority of his cousin, Ferdinand III, Archduke of Inner Austria.
  • Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria (1593–1595), for the same reason.
  • Claudia de' Medici (1632–1646), during the minority of her son, Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria.
  • For most of the reign of the epileptic and severely disabled Emperor Ferdinand I (1835–1848), Ferdinand's uncle, Archduke Ludwig (from 1836 to 1848), acted as a de facto regent.

Bulgaria
  • , during the absence of Prince Alexander Battenberg from the Bulgarian throne between 28 August 1886 and 3 September 1886 and the vacancy of the throne between 7 September 1886 and 14 August 1887.
  • Kiril, Prince of Preslav and and together as Regency Council, during the minority of the former's nephew Simeon II (1943–1944).
  • and and Tsvetko Boboshevski together as Regency Council, during the minority of Simeon II (1944–1946)

Finland
After the abdication of of , the throne of the Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic.
  • Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, installed in January 1918, resigned in late 1918.
  • Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, resigned 1919 with the passing of the new constitution.

France
  • Queen Anne of Kiev and Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1060–1066), during the minority of her son and his nephew Philip I
  • (1147–1149), during the absence of Louis VII on the
  • Queen Adèle of Champagne and Guillaume de Champagne, Archbishop of Reims (1190–1191), during the absence of her son Philip II on the .
  • Queen Blanche of Castile (1226–1234), during the minority of her son Louis IX
  • Queen Blanche of Castile (1248–1252) and Alphonse, Count of Poitou and Toulouse (1248–1254), during the absence of her son and his brother Louis IX on the .
  • Mathieu de Vendôme, Abbot of Saint-Denis and Simon de Clermont, Sieur de Nesle, during the absence of Louis IX on the (1270).
  • Philip the Tall (1316), during the interregnum between the death of his brother Louis X and the birth of Louis' posthumous son John I, and during the minority of the short-lived John I.
  • Philip, Count of Valois and Anjou (1328), from the death of his cousin Charles IV until the birth of a posthumous daughter to the late king brought about Valois' own accession to the throne.
  • Queen Joan the Lame (1340) during absence of her husband Philip VI.
  • Queen Joan the Lame (1345–1346) during absence of her husband Philip VI.
  • Queen Joan the Lame (1347) during absence of her husband Philip VI.
  • Charles, the Dauphin (1356–1360), during the captivity of his father in England
  • Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1380–1382), during the minority of his nephew Charles VI
  • Jean, Duke of Berry, Philippe II, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (1382–1388), during the minority of their nephew, Charles VI
  • Louis II, Duke of Bourbon and John, Duke of Berry (1392–1407), during the insanity of their nephew, Charles VI
  • Queen Isabella of Bavaria (1417–1420) and then Henry V of England, during the insanity of her husband and his father-in-law, Charles VI; they were opposed by
  • Charles, the Dauphin (1417–1422), Charles VI's eldest surviving son, who also claimed the regency.
  • John, Duke of Bedford (1422–1435), acting as regent on behalf of his nephew, the young Henry VI of England in opposition to the king Charles VII
  • Queen Charlotte of Savoy (1465) during the absence of her husband
  • Anne of France and her husband Pierre de Beaujeu (1483–1491), during the minority of her brother, Charles VIII
  • Louise of Savoy:
    • (1515–1516), during the absence of her son, Francis I, in Italy.
    • (1523–1526), during the absence at war in Italy, and then the captivity, of her son, Francis I.
  • Queen Catherine de' Medici:
    • (1552) While her husband Henry II left the kingdom for the campaign of .
    • (1560–1563) During the minority of her second son, Charles IX
    • (1574) During the absence of her third son, Henry III, in Poland
  • Queen Marie de' Medici (1610–1614), during the minority of her son,
  • Queen Anne of Austria (1643–1651), during the minority of her son
  • Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1715–1723), during the minority of ; often called "the Regent", since he was the last regent of France. **The related era and style are commonly referred to as the Régence (analogous to the period).
    • A 136 carat (27.2 g) diamond he acquired in 1717 is known as 'le régent'
  • , while living in exile, self-declared regent for his nephew after the 1793 guillotining of King , until the young pretender's death in 1795.
  • Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois, appointed Lieutenant General of the Kingdom by a temporary government from 14 April 1814 until Louis XVIII arrived from England.
  • , three times for her husband, , during his absence.

Greece
  • Josef Ludwig von Armansperg, Carl Wilhelm von Heideck, Georg Ludwig von Maurer, Egid von Kobell, Johann Baptist von Greiner (1833–1835): on behalf of the minor King Otto.
  • Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1867): on behalf of George I while he was on a tour in Europe.
  • Pavlos Kountouriotis (1920): following the death of King Alexander.
  • Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1920): until the conclusion of a referendum on the return of King Constantine I.
  • Pavlos Kountouriotis (1923–1924): on behalf of the minor King George II.
  • Georgios Kondylis (1935): on behalf of the minor King George II.
  • Archbishop Damaskinos (1944–1946): on behalf of King George II until his return after World War II.
  • Crown Prince Constantine (1964): on behalf of the ill King Paul.
  • General Georgios Zoitakis (1967–1972): appointed by the military junta of the time when the last reigning king, Constantine II of Greece, fled to exile after a failed royal countercoup.
  • Military dictator Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos (1972–1973): then Prime Minister, assumed the additional role of regent until the monarchy was abolished by the junta in 1973.

German Empire
Anhalt
  • Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1266–1270), during the minority of her sons, Otto I, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben and Henry III, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben.
  • Margaret of Münsterberg (1516–1524), during the minority of her sons, Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.
  • Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau first (1621–1643), during the minority of his nephew, John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and later (1650–1653), during the minority of his nephew, William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
  • Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau and Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau (1653–1659), during the minority of their cousin, William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
  • Sophie Augusta of Holstein-Gottorp (1667–1674), during the minority of her son, Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.
  • Anna Eleonore of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1670–1690), during the minority of her son, Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
  • John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1690–1692), during the minority of his cousin, Emmanuel Lebrecht, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
  • Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau (1693–1698), during the minority of her son, Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau.
  • Gisela Agnes of Rath (1704–1715), during the minority of her son, Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
  • Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp (1747–1752), during the minority of her son, Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.
  • Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau (1751–1758), during the minority of his nephew, Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau.
  • Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1812–1817), during the minority of his cousin, Louis Augustus, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen.
  • Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1817–1818), during the minority of his cousin, Louis Augustus, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen.
  • Prince Aribert (1918), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Joachim Ernst.

Baden
  • Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (1569–1577), during the minority of his nephew, Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden.
  • Countess Palatine Anna of Veldenz (1577–1584), during the minority of her son, Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach.
  • Sibylle of Saxe-Lauenburg (1707–1727), during the minority of her son, Louis George, Margrave of Baden-Baden.
  • Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg (1738–1742), during the minority of her grandson, Margrave Charles Frederick of Baden-Durlach.
  • Prince Frederick (1852–1856), during the incapacity of his brother, Grand Duke Louis II.

Bavaria
  • Agnes of Loon (1183–1191), during the minority of her son, Louis I, Duke of Bavaria.
  • Matilda of Habsburg (1294–1296), during the minority of her son, Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria.
  • Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria (1651–1654), during the minority of his nephew, Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria.
  • Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg (1679–1680), during the minority of his nephew, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.
  • Prince Luitpold (1886–1912), during the incapacity of his nephews, Ludwig II and Otto.
  • Prince Ludwig (1912–1913), during the incapacity of his cousin, Otto.

Brunswick
  • Albert I, Duke of Brunswick (1277–1279), during the minority of his nephew, Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
  • Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode (1383–1401), during the minority of his nephew, Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.
  • Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1464–1479), during the minority of his nephew, Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.
  • Anne of Nassau-Siegen (1479–1486), during the minority of her son, Henry I, Duke of Brunswick.
  • Elisabeth of Brandenburg and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (1540–1545), during the minority of the former's son, Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
  • Elizabeth of Denmark (1616–1622), during the incapacity of her son, Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
  • , later King George IV of the United Kingdom (1815–1823), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Charles II.
  • Prince Albrecht of Prussia (1885–1906), during the interregnum following the death of Duke Wilhelm in 1884, when the throne could not be filled due to the status of the heir, the Duke of Cumberland, as an enemy of the Reich.
  • Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1907–1913), for the same reason.

Hanover
  • George, Prince of Wales (1813–1820), due to the insanity of his father, King George III.

Hesse-Darmstadt
  • Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1678–1686), during the minority of her son, Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.

Hesse-Homburg
  • Margaret Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg (1638–1648), during the minority of her son, William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.
  • Princess Ulrike Louise of Solms-Braunfels (1751–1766), during the minority of her son, Frederick V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.

Hesse-Kassel
  • Countess Amalie Elisabeth of Hanau-Münzenberg (1637–1650), during the minority of her son, William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.
  • Princess Hedwig Sophie of Brandenburg (1663–1677), during the minorities of her sons, William VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.
  • Electoral Prince Frederick William (1831–1847), due to the incapacity of his father, Elector William II.

Lippe
  • Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg (1802–1820), during the minority of her son, Prince Leopold II.
  • Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe (1895–1897), due to the incapacity of his cousin, Prince Alexander.
  • Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1897–1904), for the same reason.
  • Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1904–1905), for the same reason.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  • Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1897–1901), due to the minority of his nephew, Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV.

Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  • Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1918), due to the near extinction of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz line.

Prussia
  • Prince William (1858–1861), during the incapacity of his brother Frederick William IV.

Württemberg
  • Charles Frederick II, Duke of Württemberg-Oels during minority of Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
  • Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis (1737–1740), during the minority of her son, Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg

Saxe-Altenburg
  • John George II, Elector of Saxony (1669–1672), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm III.

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  • Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1900–1905), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Charles Edward.

Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
  • Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Henry, Duke of Saxe-Römhild (1691–1693), during the minority of their nephew, Duke Frederick II.

Saxe-Eisenach
  • John George I, Duke of Saxe-Marksuhl (1668–1671), during the minority of his nephew, Duke William August.

Saxe-Hildburghausen
  • Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach (1724–1728), during the minority of her son, Duke Ernest Frederick II.
  • Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau (1745–1748), during the minority of her son, Duke Ernest Frederick III.
  • Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780–1787), during the minority of his great-grandnephew, Duke Frederick.

Saxe-Jena
  • John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1678–1683), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Johann Wilhelm.
  • John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1683–1686), during the minority of his nephew, Duke Johann Wilhelm.
  • William Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1686–1690), during the minority of his cousin and brother-in-law, Duke Johann Wilhelm.

Saxe-Meiningen
  • Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal (1763–1779), during the minority of her son, Duke Karl Wilhelm.
  • Luise Eleonore of Hohenlohe (1803–1821), during the minority of her son, Duke Bernard II.

Saxe-Merseburg
  • Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz (1694–1712), during the minorities of her sons, Duke Christian III Maurice and Duke Maurice Wilhelm.

Saxe-Weimar
  • Augustus, Elector of Saxony (1573–1586), during the minority of his cousin, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I.
  • Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1748–1755), during the minority of their cousin, Duke Ernest Augustus II.
  • Anna Amalia of Brunswick (1758–1775), during the minority of her son, Duke Carl August.

Saxony
  • Gertrude of Süpplingenburg (1139–1142), during the minority of her son, Henry the Lion.
  • Sophie of Brandenburg (1591–1601), during the minority of her son, Elector Christian II.
  • Maria Antonia of Bavaria (1763–1769), during the minority of her son, Elector Frederick Augustus III.

Waldeck
  • Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym (1845–1852), during the minority of her son, Prince George Victor.

Hungary
  • Helena and Beloš Vukanović, in 1141–1146 during the rule of infant Géza II. Helena was the mother and Beloš her brother.
  • Andrew of Hungary, between 1204 and 1205 during the rule of the infant Ladislaus III
  • Elizabeth of Bosnia, regent for her daughter Mary between 1382–1385 and in 1386. Had assassinated her daughter's opponent Charles II, but was murdered herself the following year.
  • , during Ladislaus V's minority
  • Michael Szilágyi in 1458, between Ladislaus V's death and the crowning of Matthias I
  • George Martinuzzi (1540–1551) and Isabella Jagiellon (1556–1559) for John II
  • , under the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
  • Joseph August, briefly after the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. He is the last Habsburg to be a head of state.
  • Admiral Miklós Horthy during the period of Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1944)

Iceland
  • Hermann Jónasson, Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson, Eysteinn Jónsson, Jakob Ragnar Valdimar Möller, Ólafur Thors during Denmark's occupation between 1940 and 1941.
  • Sveinn Björnsson was regent for King Christian X during Denmark's occupation between 1941 and 1944.

Italy
  • Prince Umberto, Prince of Piedmont was regent for his father, King Vittorio Emanuele III, between 1944 and 1946 (whom he briefly succeeded as King Umberto II)

Mantua
  • Isabella d'Este (1519–1521), during the minority of her son Federico II.

Parma
  • Margherita de' Medici (1646–1648), during the minority of her son Ranuccio II
  • Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (1731) during the absence of her grandson Charles I
  • Louise d'Artois (1854–1859), during the minority of her son Robert I.

Savoy
  • Christine Marie of France (1637–1663), during the minority of her son Charles Emmanuel II.
  • Marie Jeanne of Savoy (1675–1680), during the minority of her son Victor Amadeus II.

Kievan Rus'
  • Oleg the Wise, ruled and , for supposed kinsman Igor of Kiev (879–912)
  • Olga of Kiev for her son Svyatoslav (945–969)

Portugal
  • Countess Teresa, during the minority of her son Afonso I (1112–1139). Styled herself Queen of Portugal.
  • Afonso, Count jure uxoris of Boulogne-sur-Mer, after Pope Innocent IV had deposed his brother Sancho II, and before assuming himself the throne as Afonso III, following Sancho's death (1245–1248). Styled himself Regent and Defender of the Kingdom.
  • Queen Leonor, for her daughter Beatrice I (1383).
  • João, Mestre de Avis, during the Dynastic Crisis, and before assuming himself the throne as John I (1384–1385). Styled himself Regent and Defender of the Kingdom.
  • Queen Eleanor, during the minority of her son Afonso V (1438–1439).
  • Peter, Duke of Coimbra, during the minority of his nephew Afonso V (1439–1448).
  • Queen Catharine, during the minority of her grandson Sebastian I (1557–1562).
  • , during the minority of his grandnephew Sebastian I (1562–1568).
  • Queen Luísa, for her son Afonso VI (1656–1662).
  • Prince Peter, for his brother Afonso VI, and before assuming himself the throne as Peter II, following Afonso's death (1668–1683).
  • Catherine, Queen Dowager of England, Scotland and Ireland, for her brother, Peter II, in 1701 and 1704–05.
  • John, Prince Regent, during the incapacity of his mother Mary I, and before assuming himself the throne as John VI, following her death (1792–1816).
  • Princess Isabel Maria, following her father's (John VI) death, and whilst awaiting the arrival of her brother Peter IV to assume the throne (1826–1828).
  • Prince Michael, for his niece Mary II, and before usurping the throne for himself as Michael I (1828).
  • Peter, Duke of Bragança (former King Peter IV), for his daughter Mary II (1831–1834).
  • King jure uxoris Ferdinand II, during the minority of his son Peter V (1853–1855).

Romania
  • Lascăr Catargiu, , Nicolae Haralambie (1866), between the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and the coronation of Carol I as Prince.
  • Prince Nicholas, , Gheorghe Buzdugan (replaced upon his death by Constantin Sărăţeanu) (1927–1930), during the minority of king Michael I.

Russia
  • Sophia of Lithuania for her son Vasily II (1425–1432)
  • for her son Ivan the Terrible (1533–1538) with her favorite (d. 1539)
  • Sophia Alekseyevna for her brothers and Peter the Great (1682–1689)
  • Natalia Naryshkina for her son Peter the Great (1689–1694)
  • Ernst Johann von Biron for the infant (1740)
  • for her son (1740–1741)

Serbia
  • Princess Milica, regent of Serbia during the minority of Stefan Lazarević (1389)
  • Council of Regency during the Serbian Despotate: Mihailo Anđelović, Stefan Branković, and Helena Palaiologina (fl. 1458)
  • Council of Regency during the minority of Prince Milan: Milivoje Petrović Blaznavac, Jovan Ristić and Jovan Gavrilović (1868–1872)
  • Council of Regency during the minority of King Aleksandar Obrenović V: Jovan Ristić, Kosta Protić (d. 1892) and Jovan Belimarković (1889–1893)
  • Crown Prince Alexander, regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father King Peter I

Serbian regents abroad
  • Helena and Beloš Vukanović, Co-regents of Hungary (1141–1146)

Yugoslavia
  • Crown Prince Alexander, regent of the Kingdom of Serbia (1914–1918) and regent of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921), until the death of his father King Peter I
  • Council of Regency during the minority of King Peter II: Prince Paul, Radenko Stanković, Ivo Perović (1934–1941)

Oceania
Hawaii
  • Queen , between 1824 and 1832 during the rule of the infant ; she was also Kuhina Nui (co-ruler), regent, of Kamehameha II
  • , between 5 June 1832 – 17 March 1833 after Kaʻahumanu's death and before Kamehameha III became 20 years old

Notes
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